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小学英语语法常识汇总

放大字体  缩小字体 2020-01-07 00:36:05  阅读:1498 来源:自媒体 作者:田田英语老师

原标题:小学英语语法常识汇总

语法常识

1 名词:名词单复数,名词的格

(一)名词单复数

  • 正常的状况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
  • 以s. x. sh. ch结束,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
  • 以“子音字母+y”结束,变 y 为 i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
  • 以“f 或 fe”结束,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
  • 不规矩名词复数:
  • man-men,
  • woman-women,
  • policeman-policemen,
  • policewoman-policewomen,
  • mouse-mice
  • child-children,
  • foot-feet,
  • tooth-teeth,
  • fish-fish,
  • people-people,
  • Chinese-Chinese,
  • Japanese-Japanese
  • 不可数名词的复数便是原形:
  • paper,juice, water, milk, rice, tea

(二)名词的格

  • (1) 有生命的东西的名词一切格:
  • a) 奇数后加 's 如: Lucy's ruler, my father's shirt
  • b) 以s 结束的复数名词后加 ’ 如: his friends' bags
  • c) 不以s 结束的复数后加's children's shoes
  • 并排名词中,如果把 's加在最终一个名词后,表明共有, 如:
  • Tom and Mike's car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
  • 要表明一切物不是共有的,应分别在并排名词后加's, 如:
  • Tom's and Mike's cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
  • (2) 表明无生命东西的名词通常用“of +名词”来表明一切联系:
  • 如: a picture of the classroom a map of China

2 冠词:不定冠词,定冠词品种

(1) 不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle

元音最初的可数名词前用an :

an egg / an apple / an orange

(2) 定冠词:the

the egg / the plane

2. 用法:

定冠词的用法:

  • 特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.
  • 复述上文说到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
  • 说话两边都知道的人或物:The boys aren't at school.
  • 在序数词前:John's birthday is February the second.
  • 用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening

不必冠词的状况:

  • 专有名词前:China is a big country.
  • 名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:
  • This is my baseball.
  • 复数名词表明一类人和事:Monkeys can't swim. They are teachers.
  • 在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It's Sunday.
  • 一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
  • 球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
  • * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
  • 学科称号前:My favorite subject is music.
  • 在称号或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
  • 固定词组中:at noon at night by bus

3 代词、形容词、副词

代词:人称代词,物主代词

形容词,副词:比较级,第一流

(一)、形容词的比较级

1. 形容词比较级在语句中的运用:

两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后边一般带有单词 than。比较级前面能够用more, a little来润饰表明程度。than后的人称代词用主格(白话中可用宾格)。

2. 形容词加er的规矩:

  • 一般在词尾加er ;
  • 以字母e 结束,加r ;
  • 以一个元音字母和一个子音字母结束,应双写结束的子音字母,再加er ;
  • 以“子音字母+y”结束,先把y变i,再加er 。

3. 不规矩形容词比较级:

good-better,

beautiful-more beautiful

(二)副词的比较级

1. 形容词与副词的差异(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)

  • ⑴在语句中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
  • ⑵副词在语句中最常见的是处于实义动词之后

2. 副词比较级的改变规矩根本与形容词比较级相同(不规矩改变:well-better, far-farther)

4 数词:序数词、基数词

(1) 1-20

one,two, three, our, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty

(2) 21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,中心加连字符。

23→twenty-three,

34→thirty-four,

45→forty—five,

56→fifty-six,

67→sixty-seven,

78→seventy-eight,

89→eighty-nine,

91→ninety-one

(3) 101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

586→five hundred and eighty-six,

803→eight hundred and three

(4) 1,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand. 第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion

1,001→ one thousand and one

18,423→ eighteen thousand four hundred and twenty-three

6,260,309→ six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

750,000,000,000→ seven hundred and fifty bilion

序数词

(1) 一般在基数词后加 th

eg. four→fourth, thirteen→thirteenth

(2) 不规矩改变

one→first,

two→second,

three→third,

five→fifth,

eight→eighth,

nine→ninth,

twelve—twelfth

(3) 以 y 结束的十位整数,变 y 为 ie 再加 th

twenty→twentieth,

forty→fortieth,

ninety→ninetieth

(4) 从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

twenty-first,

two hundred and forty-fifth

基数词

基数词转为序数词的口诀:

基变序,有规矩,词尾加上-th.

一,二,三,特别记,词尾字母 t, d, d.

八去t, 九去e, ve要用f替。

ty 将 y变成 i,th 前面有个 e.

若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。

5 介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等

1. at 表明时刻概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时刻、阶段等)。

at 1:00 (dawn,midnight , noon) 在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、正午)

2.on

1) 表明详细日期。

注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表明法:

  • at (on) the weekend在周末---特指
  • at (on) weekends在周末---泛指
  • over the weekend在整个周末
  • during the weekend在周末期间
  • (2)在圣诞节,应说 at Christmas? 而不说 on Christmas?

2) 在(刚……)的时分

On reaching the city he called up his parents.

一到城里他就给爸爸妈妈打了一个电话。

3.in

1) 表明"时段"、"时期",在大都状况下能够和 during 交换,前者着重比照,后者着重继续。

in (during) 1988 (December, the 20th century) 在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)

6 动词:动词的四种时态

(1) 一般现在时:

一般现在时的构成

  • 1. be动词:主语+be (am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
  • 2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 咱们学习英语。

当主语为第三人称奇数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese. 玛丽喜爱汉语。

动词+s的改变规矩

  • 1.正常的状况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
  • 2.以s. x. sh. ch. o 结束,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
  • 3.以“子音字母+y 结束,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

(2) 一般过去时:

动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规矩有:

A、规矩动词

  • ① 一般直接在动词的后边加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
  • ② 以e结束的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
  • ③ 以子音字母加y结束的动词要改 y 为 i 再加 ed (此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (留意play、stay不是子音字母加 y ,所以不属于此类)
  • ④ 双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped

B、不规矩动词(此类词并无规矩,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,

see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,

are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

(3) 一般将来时:

根本结构:

  • ①be going to + do;
  • ②will+ do. be going to = will

I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明日). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

(4) 现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词

动词现在分词详解 动词的ing方式的构成规矩:

  • ① 一般的直接在后边加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
  • ② 以e 结束的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having , writing
  • ③ 双写最终一个字母的(此类动词很少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting

句法

1.陈说句

(1) 必定句:是指用必定的口气来陈说的语句,如:

  • I'm a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
  • There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.

(2) 否定句:含有否定词或表明否定含义词的语句,如:

  • I'm not a student. She is not (isn't) a doctor.
  • He does not (doesn't) work in a hospital. There are not (aren't) four fans in our classroom.
  • He will not (won't) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn't) watch TV yesterday evening.

2. 疑问句

一般疑问句:是指问询现实的语句,此类语句必须用“yes",或“no”来答复。

特别疑问句:以特别疑问词 (what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等) 最初引导的语句。此类语句应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes /no”来答复。

3.There be句型

There be 句型与have, has的差异

  • 1、There be 句型表明:在某地有某物(或人)
  • 2、在there be 句型中,主语是奇数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词依据最*近be 动词的那个名词决议。
  • 3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把 be 动词调到句首。
  • 4、there be 句型与have(has) 的差异:there be 表明在某地有某物(或人); have(has) 表明或人具有某物。
  • 5、some 和 any 在 there be 句型中的运用:some 用于必定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
  • 6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于必定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
  • 7、针对数量发问的特别疑问句的根本结构是:
  • How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
  • How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
  • 8、针对主语发问的特别疑问句的根本结构是:
  • What's + 介词短语

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